Q:
Dear Joe, My husband and I are interested in a college saving program for our children who are 6 and 9 years old. We live in Miami and are looking for your advice. -- Karen
A:
You have a lot of options when it comes to saving for college. In one sense, that's a good thing, because you'll have the opportunity to choose the option that best satisfies your own objectives.
But the wide variety of savings programs can make your decision process more confusing, even to the point of causing you to do nothing. Don't let "analysis paralysis" derail your intention to save for college. The most important step is to begin saving, even if it's with only a small amount.
It's hard to beat 529 plans for tax-free college savings, a conclusion supported by the fact that Americans now have more than $100 billion stashed away in these investment vehicles.
You can use your own state's 529 savings plan, which in your case is the Florida College Investment Plan. Or you can select among the dozens of plans offered by other states. Your choice of 529 savings plan will not restrict your child's decision about where to attend college.
A 529 savings plan offers a menu of investment options. Typically, you invest through a portfolio of mutual funds.
For families without a lot of investment experience, I suggest going with the "age-based" option that automatically ratchets down the market risk of the portfolio as your child gets closer to college age. Most 529 plans offer at least one age-based option.
You can view enrollment information and other details about any 529 plan on Savingforcollege.com.
Being a Florida resident, you also have the Florida Prepaid College Plan available to you. This large and well-run 529 prepaid tuition plan has helped more than 1 million Florida families pay for college and offers the opportunity to lock in tuition costs (with an optional dormitory plan) at any of Florida's public colleges and universities.
If your child ends up attending a private or out-of-state college, the plan will pay the same dollar amount you would have received at an in-state public institution.
In Florida's highly regulated tuition system, rate increases have stayed relatively modest over the years. But that situation may change in the future if there is a shift in the state's tuition-setting process.
There is also the Independent 529 Plan, a prepaid tuition plan operated by a consortium of more than 250 private colleges available to families in any state. It enables you to lock in future tuition at any of the participating colleges.
Beyond 529 plans, your primary college-savings options include Coverdell education savings accounts, or ESAs, U.S. savings bonds, and taxable mutual funds or banking products.
ESAs are sometimes recommended because, in spite of their low $2,000 per child annual contribution limit, withdrawals are tax-free for elementary and secondary school costs in addition to college costs. ESAs are also available from a wide variety of financial institutions, including banks, mutual funds and discount brokers.
However, federal laws will take away several of the advantages of Coverdell ESAs beginning in 2011, including the K-12 exclusion. Until Congress decides to fix that problem, I remain cautious about using them.
I am also reluctant to suggest taxable investments, such as mutual funds and bank certificates of deposit, as college savings vehicles. Why pay income tax on your college savings when an excellent tax-free alternative -- a 529 plan -- is so readily available?
Of course, the counterargument is that taxable investments can be used for any purpose without risk of penalty. By contrast, 529 withdrawals not used for college will be taxed as ordinary income and will incur a 10 percent federal penalty on the earnings portion.
However, with two children to educate -- and the ability to easily and at any time shift 529 funds between siblings -- you may view that risk as being fairly low.
You can also look to shelter a limited amount of taxable income by placing investments in your child's name through the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act, or UTMA. But the so-called "kiddie tax" can spoil that strategy if your child's investment earnings exceed a specified amount ($1,800 in 2008).
Taxable investments in your child's name will also significantly impact your child's eligibility for federal financial aid, whereas 529 plans have little effect on financial aid under current rules. Perhaps most importantly, you are legally bound to turn over control of UTMA assets to your child when he or she reaches the age of 18 or 21, depending on your state's laws.
Finally, ask yourself this question: Are you and your husband taking full advantage of employer matching in making contributions to your 401(k) plan?
If not, be sure to do that before committing those dollars to a college savings fund. Not only should you be thinking about your own retirement needs, but the employer match is a financial benefit that you will not easily make up in a 529 plan or any other investment.