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COLLEGE SAVINGS 101
Compare savings options
Summarizes and compares the features of 529 plans, 529 ABLE plans, ESAs, UTMAs, IRAs, and education savings bonds.
| YEAR 2023 RULES | Roth IRA | UGMA/UTMA |
|---|---|---|
| Federal Income Tax | Non-deductible contributions; withdrawn earnings excluded from income after age 59 1/2 – and five years; 10% penalty on early withdrawals waived if used for qualified higher education expenses | Earnings and gains taxed to minor; first $1,100 of unearned income is tax exempt; unearned income over $2,200 for certain children under age 24 is taxed at rates for estates and trusts | Federal Gift Tax Treatment | No gift involved | Transfers treated as completed gift; apply $16,000 annual gift exclusion | Federal Estate Tax Treatment | Value included in the owner's gross estate | Value removed from donor's gross estate unless donor remains as custodian | Maximum Investment | $6,000 ($7,000 for taxpayers age 50 and over) | No limit | Qualified Expenses | College tuition, fees, books, computers and related equipment, supplies, special needs; room and board for minimum half-time students. Up to $10,000 in tuition expenses for K-12 schools. Up to $10,000 in student loan repayment. | College tuition, fees, books, computers and related equipment, supplies, special needs; room and board for minimum half-time students. Up to $10,000 in tuition expenses for K-12 schools. Up to $10,000 in student loan repayment. | Able to Change Beneficiary | Not applicable | No; represents an irrevocable gift to the child | Time/Age Restrictions | Withdraw earnings tax-free only after five years and age 59 1/2 | Custodianship terminates when minor reaches age established under state law (generally 18 or 21) | Income Restrictions | Must have taxable compensation; contribution limit phases out for incomes between $204,000 and $214,000 (joint filers) or $129,000 and $144,000 (single) | None | Federal Financial Aid | Not counted as asset; withdrawals of principal and interest counted as financial aid income | Counted as student's asset | Investments | Broad range of securities and certain other investments | As permitted under state laws | Use for Nonqualifying Expenses | Taxable portion of withdrawal prior to age 59 1/2 also subject to 10% early withdrawal penalty | Funds must be used for benefit of the minor |
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Top 529 College Savings Plans
One-year rankings are based on a plan's average investment returns over the last 12 months.
| State | Plan Name | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alaska | Alaska 529 |
| 1 | Alaska | T. Rowe Price College Savings Plan |
| 3 | Montana | Achieve Montana |
Three-year rankings are based on a plan's average annual investment returns over the last three years.
| State | Plan Name | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alaska | Alaska 529 |
| 1 | Alaska | T. Rowe Price College Savings Plan |
| 3 | Indiana | CollegeChoice 529 Direct Savings Plan |
Five-year rankings are based on a plan's average annual investment returns over the last five years
| State | Plan Name | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alaska | Alaska 529 |
| 1 | Alaska | T. Rowe Price College Savings Plan |
| 3 | West Virginia | SMART529 WV Direct College Savings Plan |
10-year rankings are based on a plan's average annual investment returns over the last ten years.
| State | Plan Name | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | West Virginia | SMART529 WV Direct College Savings Plan |
| 2 | Alaska | Alaska 529 |
| 2 | Alaska | T. Rowe Price College Savings Plan |
